Rainbows and Rain :: Personal Narrative Sports Frisbee Essays

Rainbows and Rain I sit on my bed taking off my cleats as I hang the Frisbee over the huge torn chunk of wall, caused my removal of the corkboard and the wonders of â€Å"wall tape.† I finish my dinner and realize that the great idea of placing my plate into my â€Å"Frisbee tray" is not such a great idea when the plate is permanently stuck inside the Frisbee for a whole three minutes as struggle to pull it out. I scale the roof of my grandmother’s cabin in order to save my Frisbee from beating rains, intolerable sun, and absolute loneliness. I scale the steep weeds and ivy groves in order to save my Frisbee from the treacherous rivers which roars below. I pull and huck the Frisbee. I toss and pass the Frisbee. My hands turn red and chapped in the cold and fast and sweet in the heat. The Frisbee sails in the sky meeting the sunset horizons before a swift catch and speedy throw sends it again, through a similar cycle, of something I call magic. To sprint, and just believe that if I reach out far enough I will perfectly meet the disc and it will meet my hand as one total motion has been completed. The power of running as the Frisbee flies over your head, as you lose all sense of gravity to make the final grasp at spinning disc, is the beginning of the high. Just before you meet the ground, whether it a be serious layout or you end up tasting grass, dirt, fertilizer, it’s a worth it, just as long as you have caught the Frisbee. And the high sinks into the spirituality of it all; victory is possible in that mighty catch. Truly we are Heroins. This, my friends, is the sport the absolute addiction, of one single disc, cleats (or no shoes if you prefer), some grudging comfy clothing, H2O, and a heroin teammate. But it's not just throwing and catching, which I cannot resist. And I mean I really cannot accept the idea of people throwing out in the quad without me. If players of old, and players of new are throwing the Frisbee all I can do is join. Even in HI, at Kona beach, people were throwing---no one I knew---I knew that I just had to play and they were totally cool about it all.

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay

Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity — commonly termed â€Å"multiculturalism† — emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing older forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with new relations of democratic citizenship. Despite substantial evidence that these policies are making progress toward that goal, a chorus of political leaders has declared them a failure and heralded the death of multiculturalism. This popular master narrative is problematic because it mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and misidentifies not only the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered but the options for addressing these problems. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical celebration of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such as unemployment and social isolation. Instead it offers an account of multiculturalism as the pursuit of new relations of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights ideals. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale retreat, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civic integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs are fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an â€Å"enabling† form of civic integration is both normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least some cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index. This index 1) identifies eight concrete policy areas where liberal-democratic states — faced with a choice — decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While there have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalism’s â€Å"failure† (e. g. , Germany) have not actually practiced an active multicultural strategy. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new models of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. There are several factors that can either facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism: Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Desecuritization of ethnic relations. Multiculturalism works best if relations between the state and minorities are seen as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Muslims after 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even voice multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights across ethnic and religious lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are unlikely to accord them multicultural rights or resources. Much of the backlash against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders — for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum seekers — than when citizens feel the borders are secure. Diversity of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinely multicultural — that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming overwhelmingly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contributions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the perception that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to society — particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases. Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as potential carriers of illiberal practices or movements, or as net burdens on the welfare state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most needed. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the world for the past 40 years. One hears much about the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism. † Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers alike to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Although people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face. Multiculturalism’s successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems. 2 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism† helpfully captures important features of our current debates. Yet in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the real challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this:1 Since the mid-1990s †¦ we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased recognition and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights. These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by international organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, common values and identity, and unitary citizenship — even a call for the â€Å"return of assimilation. † This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has â€Å"gone too far† and is threatening their way of life. This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish People’s Party, defending old ideas of â€Å"Denmark for the Danish. † But the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries — namely, minorities themselves — because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation. As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this â€Å"rise and fall† narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, â€Å"The Return of Assimilation? † Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001): 531–48; and Christian Joppke, â€Å"The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy,† British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004): 237–57. There are also many accounts of the â€Å"decline,† â€Å"retreat,† or â€Å"crisis† of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands,† in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London: Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, â€Å"Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference: The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective† (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006). For Britain, see Randall Hansen, â€Å"Diversity, Integration and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom,† in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007); Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, â€Å"New Labour’s White Heart: Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation,† Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002): 445–54; Steven Vertovec, â€Å"Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity,† International Social Science Journal 61 (2010): 83–95. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, â€Å"Multiculturalism in Crisis: The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia,† in On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London: Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the ‘Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism’ Discourses: The Fragmentation Position (Alberta: Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http://pmc.metropolis. Net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London: Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that emphasizes â€Å"civic integration,† â€Å"social cohesion,† â€Å"common values,† and â€Å"shared citizenship. †2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to overcome the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies. 3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the â€Å"3S† model of multiculturalism in Britain — saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4. Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups — clothing, cuisine, and music — and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, displayed in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the focus of many critiques, including the following: It ignores issues of economic and political inequality. Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain — problems of unemployment, poor educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solved simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of cultural differences, the focus on celebrating â€Å"authentic† cultural practices that are â€Å"unique† to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced within a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, there’s a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices — such as cuisine or music — that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the larger society. But this runs the opposite risk 2. For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity: European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to â€Å"post-multiculturalism† by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical right’s â€Å"antimulticulturalism,† see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and â€Å"Beyond Multiculturalism,† Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no. 2 (2004): 51–4; regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York: Basic Books, 2006). Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can encourage a conception of groups as hermetically sealed and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices. Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as emerging cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally â€Å"other. † This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions within minority groups. In deciding which traditions are â€Å"authentic,† and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group — typically older males — while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a â€Å"good Muslim† should act. It can therefore imprison people in â€Å"cultural scripts† that they are not allowed to question or dispute. According to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences. This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has developed over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face. The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of global capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity — different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire. But the sort of multiculturalism that is said to have had a â€Å"rise and fall† is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the late 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada. (Toronto: Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitler’s fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples. And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three â€Å"waves† of such movements: 1) the struggle for decolonization, concentrated in the period 1948–65; 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965; and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s. Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Each of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the inspiration for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle. Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mixed race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed. Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic â€Å"citizenization† — that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals. But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history inevitably and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do. The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second wave but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles. Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether measured in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was briefly in some European countries a form of â€Å"multiculturalism† that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their country of origin. For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced â€Å"as a minority right but in order to enable guest worker children to reintegrate in their countries of origin† (Karen Schonwalder, â€Å"Germany: Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration,† in The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf [London: Routledge, 2010], 160). Needless to say, this sort of â€Å"returnist† multiculturalism — premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home — has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies. The case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one aspect of a larger â€Å"ethnic revival† across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and positive forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities: immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or official language status. What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs:11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are. The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example — such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland — new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation. And in relation to substate national groups — such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scots and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland — we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy; official language status, either in the region or nationally; and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9. Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universally accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from closely related policy fields, such as antidiscrimination policies, citizenship policies, and integration policies. Different countries (or indeed different actors within a single country) are likely to draw this line in different places, and any list is therefore likely to be controversial. 12 For a fuller description of these policies, and the justification for including them in the Multiculturalism Policy Index, see the index website, www.queensu. ca/mcp. The site also includes our separate index of MCPs for indigenous peoples and for national minorities. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 7 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Other policies could be added (or subtracted) from the index, but there was a recognizable â€Å"multiculturalist turn† across Western democracies in the last few decades of the 20th century, and we can identify a range of public policies that are seen, by both critics and defenders, as emblematic of this turn. Each of the eight policy indicators listed above is intended to capture a policy dimension where liberaldemocratic states faced a choice about whether or not to take a multicultural turn and to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups. While multiculturalism for immigrant groups clearly differs in substance from that for indigenous peoples or national minorities, each policy has been defended as a means to overcome the legacies of earlier hierarchies and to help build fairer and more inclusive democratic societies. Therefore, multiculturalism is first and foremost about developing new models of democratic citizenship, grounded in human-rights ideals, to replace earlier uncivil and undemocratic relations of hierarchy and exclusion. Needless to say, this account of multiculturalism-as-citizenization differs dramatically from the 3S account of multiculturalism as the celebration of static cultural differences. Whereas the 3S account says that multiculturalism is about displaying and consuming differences in cuisine, clothing, and music, while neglecting issues of political and economic inequality, the citizenization account says that multiculturalism is precisely about constructing new civic and political relations to overcome the deeply entrenched inequalities that have persisted after the abolition of formal discrimination. It is important to determine which of these accounts more accurately describes the Western experience with multiculturalism. Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we first need to make sure we know what multiculturalism has in fact been. The 3S account is misleading for three principal reasons. 13 Multiculturalism is first and foremost about developing new models of democratic citizenship, grounded in human-rights ideals. First, the claim that multiculturalism is solely or primarily about symbolic cultural politics depends on a misreading of the actual policies. Whether we look at indigenous peoples, national minorities, or immigrant groups, it is immediately apparent that MCPs combine economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions. While minorities are (rightly) concerned to contest the historic stigmatization of their cultures, immigrant multiculturalism also includes policies that are concerned with access to political power and economic opportunities — for example, policies of affirmative action, mechanisms of political consultation, funding for ethnic self-organization, and facilitated access to citizenship. In relation all three types of groups, MCPs combine cultural recognition, economic redistribution, and political participation. Second, the claim that multiculturalism ignores the importance of universal human rights is equally misplaced. On the contrary, as we’ve seen, multiculturalism is itself a human-rights-based movement, inspired and constrained by principles of human rights and liberal-democratic constitutionalism. Its goal is to challenge the traditional ethnic and racial hierarchies that have been discredited by the postwar human-rights revolution. Understood in this way, multiculturalism-as-citizenization offers no support for accommodating the illiberal cultural practices within minority groups that have also The same human-righ.

Islamophobi Psychology Of Humans - 1370 Words

Islamophobia: Psychology of Humans Cecilia Zaragoza Delta ID: 98-491-7916 Instructor: J. Dhillon Psychology 001: Intro Tuesdays Thursday LHA: 1:55pm-3:25pm Abstract Islamophobia is a society constructed term that came to be after the Terrorist attack of â€Å"9/11.† Humans who fear Muslims for who they are invented a new meaning to the term being Islamic and Muslim. Just as in the past, how humans have created racism and prejudicism towards people of color, now society is doing the same thing to Muslims. Instead of learning from our actions, humans repeat that same cycle because it is our security net for feeling it is alright to feel prejudice. This meaning can also be linked with Freud’s definition of repetition compulsion, in the fact that people do same thing over and over again whether it causes harm to someone or not, just because it has become a familiar thing to do, and feels safe. In the article, â€Å"The United States of Islamophobia,† the author expresses the ways citizens in America have developed the term Islamophobia. Later in the article, it is explained how this term has influenced people in our society, po litical leaders, and others around the world. Those who are Muslims and Middle Eastern are seen a the â€Å"others† because they are still not accepted into society. Islamophobia has brought upon a need for more research on how to repeal these thoughts by working with the mind. Now, Islamophobia has become this renowned word meant to inflict a

Essay Disparate Objects in Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass

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Physical Treatment Of Physical Therapy - 966 Words

Physical therapy is defined as the treatment of disease, injury, or deformity by physical method. To me, physical therapy is more complex than just the physical treatment. Physical therapy means that someone is able to live more freely and independently without being bound by my physical ailments. Physical therapy can not only help someone live an active and healthy lifestyle, but it can also give someone back their freedom to continue to live the way they want to live their life. A team of physical therapists work to provide the utmost care to the patients in order for each individual to regain a state of satisfactory living. I have personal experience with therapy. In July of 2013, I was hit by an automobile while operating a motorcycle. My entire right leg was damaged during the impact, and my femur and tibia were fractured. I lost most of the function of my right leg for six months and was wheelchair bound. My accident took away my life, my independence, and my ability to live happily. Physical therapy does not just provide assistance in ways of physical healing. It is a holistic—physical, emotional, and social—form of treatment that encompasses emotional healing and social assistance growth as well. As living creatures, we rely so much on our bodies in order to transport us to places we need to be, work to get our needs meet, and to enjoy ourselves. When something happens that causes the bodies abilities to change, it can affect every aspect of a person’s life.Show MoreRelatedPhysical And Treatment Of Physical Therapy1342 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical Therapy is one of the most important medical health related fields out there. Physical Therapists play a crucial role in their patient’s overall health. However, the main goals of a Physical Therapist is to aid in recovery, rehab, increase range of motion, and reduce pain for their patients. During a normal work day, they will typically see a variety of patients whose age can ra nge from an eight-year-old to an 85-year-old, and each one with a challenging and unique health issue. These issuesRead MorePhysical Treatment Of Physical Therapy2285 Words   |  10 PagesPhysical Therapy in Sports Physical therapy is trying to help someone overcome a bad obstacle in their life. Some people may think physical therapy isn’t important when recovering, but it is important. â€Å"Physical therapy is primarily concerned with the promotion of mobility, functional ability, quality of life, movement through examination and evaluation, diagnosis, and physical intervention† (Policastro et. al.). So basically therapy tries to help people get everything back to normal. ThereRead MorePhysical Therapy Is The Treatment1548 Words   |  7 PagesPhysical Therapy is the treatment a person needs to assist in problems with the body. Physical Therapy is a broad medical field that specializes in providing help to heal a person. Physical therapy is the type of treatment a person may need when there are injuries to the body, or when physical harm has occurred. Physical Therapy is a medical field that covers the mobility of the body. Physical Therapy is involved with many parts of t he body. It is the treatment a patient seeks when assistance isRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Physical Therapy1593 Words   |  7 Pagesof the patients that are encountered in physical therapy (PT) are taking one or more medications for various conditions. Physical therapists (PTs) do not prescribe medicine to patients. However, it is important for the PT to be aware of the patients’ medications and the effects of the medications on their PT. The effects of medications in combination with the effects of their particular conditions will help guide the PT in the safest and most effective therapy for each unique individual that presentsRead MoreEffective Treatment Of Physical Therapy1356 Words   |  6 Pageswho is a physical therapist, notes, â€Å"Most states have been practicing dry needling since 2003 but weren t allowed to perform until legislation was passed allowing it† (qtd. in Haflich). As a future physical therapist, I will need to work and communicate wi th patients to help them get better and stronger using different techniques. Dry needling is one of the most beneficial treatments because it is effective, cost-efficient, and safe. Dry needling is recognized as an effective treatment of physicalRead MoreBenefits Of Chiropractic Care And Physical Therapy Treatments857 Words   |  4 Pagessports-related injuries and from injuries sustained during a car accident. Seek Treatment for Your Injuries Right Away Individuals who have a sports-related injury or who have sustained injuries during an automobile crash should seek treatment promptly. In respect to seeking medical treatment, there are time limits placed on individuals who sustain injuries in any type of accident; therefore, individuals who neglect to seek treatment in a timely manner may find it difficult to attain compensation from theRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Therapists On The Medical Field1706 Words   |  7 PagesAn abundance of physical therapists will continue to be needed in the medical field because of the continuous rate of injuries. Physical therapists treat injury or medical problems that limit a patient’s ability to function in everyday life. Physical therapist treat patients of all ages and promote interactions with patients, family, caregivers and other health professionals. Most people have been through physical therapy or will go through physical therapy sometime in their lives. ParticipatingRead M oreHow Physical Therapists Provide And Bill Treatments Essay896 Words   |  4 Pagesto regulate how physical therapists provide and bill treatments, Medicare has implemented numerous laws and regulations that providers treating Part B patients must follow and be recorded in documentation. The issue arising was considered a â€Å"moral hazard†; physical therapists were able to bill treatments and provide treatments that had the greatest reimbursement rate, for any length of time, without consequence. One on one and group therapy, services provided by physical therapy assistants, co-treatingRead MorePhysical Therapy Is The Health Profession1171 Words   |  5 PagesPhysical therapy is the health profession that provides treatment and management of physical disability, malfunction, or pain via various modalities, and without the use of medicines, surgery, or radiation [1]. An individual who practices physical therapy is known as a physical therapist. Physical therapists are e xperts of the musculoskeletal and neuromuscular systems, and they evaluate and treat patients for issues that involve those systems [2]. The role of a physical therapist is to evaluate patientsRead MoreShould Sports Medicine Be Increased Popular Among Students?1445 Words   |  6 Pagesare numerous majors to choose from, and each provide the student with multiple opportunities for jobs once he has completed college. One major that is becoming popular is exercise science. Exercise Science is the scientific study or analysis of physical activity/exercise. Due to the fact that there are a variety of different exercises/ ways to be physically active and every person is different exercise science is extremely broad. New research leads to more ways to study exercise science. With exercise

Automotive Technology Free Essays

My life has always been filled with dreams and aspirations. As a young child, I have always been interested in things that required thinking. I remember as a young child, I was fascinated with the way cars work. We will write a custom essay sample on Automotive Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The work of mechanics would always leave me with a lot of questions in my mind. So when I grew older, I decided to fulfill my long time dream, and took Automotive Technology. I believe that The South Seattle Community College would be the answer to all my queries, with regards to Automotive Technology. I will be given the chance to experience a technologically advance training that would help me learn more about the processes involved in the automotive industry. In the long run, I may be able to share my talents and knowledges to those who are in need of my service. With the Automotive Technology degree, I may be hired as a Service Manager, or as a Service Advisor, and earn as much as $34. 00 an hour. This would be enough to suffice for my other needs at home. As of now, I guess my biggest barrier in acquiring my degree is my financial status. I am currently unemployed, with no means of sufficing for my education. I am only armed with my will, dedication, and passion to learn new ideas so that I can be the best person that I can be. I know that financial problems can never hinder me from striving hard and learning. I believe that the best way to overcome my obstacles is to just keep my drive in accomplishing my hopes and dreams of acquiring a degree from your university. In addition to this, I would also like to inspire people to do the same thing I did – to study hard and overcome barriers in education. How to cite Automotive Technology, Papers

Accounting Standards of Charter Hall Group †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Standards of Charter Hall Group. Answer: Introduction Charter Hall Group has been established in 1991 to and considered as Australias one of the leading property groups with a total portfolio amounting to $20.4 billion. The total owned and managed commercial has been further discerned as 329 in Australia itself. This has included office buildings, supermarket, anchored retail centres and dynamic growth in the industrial assets as per institutional retail and whole sale investors. The group was listed under Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) in the year 2005, under the ASX code and stapled along with Charter Hall Limited (CHL). The main aspects of the study have considered the adherence of conceptual framework for reporting. The report will be further able to evaluate adherence of the company for recognition of assets, liabilities, equities, expenses and revenues. The second part of the study has been further seen to consider compliance of the company for assets, liabilities, equities, expenses and revenues. The third part of the study will be considered with the quality of characteristics as per the annual report and the same will be evaluated for the reliability and faithfulness in description of the financial events. The final part of the discourse will be able to evaluate the quality characteristics in terms of depicting the comparability and timeliness of information presented in the financial report (Rahman 2013). Adherence to the objectives of the conceptual framework with its reporting The important conceptual framework operating in Australia has been seen with Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB), which is conducive in developing financial report in both public and private companies. The primary contributing role of the AASB has been considered with Australian securities and investment commission at 2001. The data given in December 2013 has been aimed at making significant improvement in measurement, presentation, reporting entity and de-recognition. The main form of the amendments has been further able to bring the changes which have been able to drive management stewardship associated to entities (Camfferman and Zeff 2015). The information as per Charter Hall Group Limited annual report, it has been discerned that the financial statement has been prepared as per AustralianAccounting Standards (AASBs) which has been created with Australian Accounting Standards Board and the Corporations Act 2001. The consolidation of the financial statement has been further done with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the interpretations of the same are adopted with InternationalAccounting Standards Board. The implementation of new measures has been seen to be implemented in 17 August 2017 (Howieson et al. 2014). The new standards which are yet to be adopted and implemented has been further seen to be taken into consideration based on AASB 9 Financial Instruments. Some of the other standards which are yet to be adopted has been discerned with detailed assessment of the impact of AASB 9 and its interaction with AASB 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Navarro?Garca and Madrid?Guijarro 2014). Adherence with the recognition criteria for reporting Assets, Liabilities, Equity, Revenue and Expenses Based on the depiction of financial statements of foreign operations the assets and liabilities have been seen to be translated into companys functional currency at foreign exchange ratings and the same has been considered for the ruling date as per the date of the transaction. The preparation of the financial statements has been further able to consider the conformity of the IFRS requirements which has been able to make the necessary judgements for the estimates and assumptions with the accounting policies amounting to assets, liabilities, income and expenses. It has been also seen that the underlying assumptions are reviewed with the ingoing progress and the revisions made in the accounting estimates which is recognised with revisions made in the future years. The critical judgements to apply the necessary accounting policies has been seen to be having significant effect on Employee benefit liabilities, Share based payments, Intangible assets, Business combinations, contingent liab ilities and financial risk management (Crawford et al. 2014). Revenues, expenses and the assets are seen with the recognition of the net amount of GST. The intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis. The monetary issues in the assets and liabilities has been denominated as per the foreign currency on the date of reporting and the same is translated with the functional currency at a foreign exchange rate ruling at that date. On the other hand, the different types of the Non-monetary assets and liabilities are seen to be denominated as per the foreign currencies which are stated at fair value (Brown Preiato and Tarca 2014). Adherence with the qualitative enhancing characteristics of financial reporting As per financial notes 5.6 Provisions, the provision in the balance sheet is seen with reliable estimate which can be made with total amount of the obligations. The board of Charter Hall Group has been discerned with the main approach to enhancing characteristics of financial reporting with the Board and executive remuneration is seen to be in balance with fair and equitable rewards which motivates experienced and successful executive team to deliver ongoing business growth which meets the expectation of the shareholders in the long-term. As per the statement of comprehensive income the company considers the Effective portion of changes in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax. The fair value method of measurement of the derivate instruments and the same is seen to be available for the selling of the investments. The various types of the Non-monetary assets and liabilities have been stated as per fair value translation to the functional currency as per foreign exchange rulings a nd determination of the fair value. It has been also discerned that in the assessment of the net changes in the fair value available for the purpose of selling in the net profit is considered as enhancing characteristics of the financial report. It has been also seen that in the statement of changes of equity also the qualitative characteristics is maintained with changes in the fair value of the cash flow hedges and net tax. Adherence with enhancing characteristics of financial reporting Charter Hall Group has used enhancing qualitative characteristics in terms of executive KMP STI against the sales revenue and EBIT. This is depicted with a bar graph and histogram in the annual report. It has further used stacked horizontal bar graphs for the comparison of fixed, short term incentives, deferred short term incentives and long-term incentives. The income statement of the company has been able to present the data with previous year. The timeliness aspect in the report has been evident with considered with preparation of the report in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards (AASBs) and coloration of the same as on 17th August 2017. As per the notes to financial statement the assets has been considered with assets, liabilities in both present and previous year. Similarly for a better comparability of the results the employee benefit has been depicted in both 2017 and 2016. It has been also seen that the fair value of the options and performance has been depicted w ith EPS performance based conditions, TSR based conditions and deferred STI service based conditions. The same has been compared on monthly basis (Ordelheide 2016). Conclusion The study has been able to reveal that Charter Hall Group annual report has adhered to the objectives prescribed as per Australian Accounting Standards (AASBs) which has been created with Australian Accounting Standards Board and the Corporations Act 2001. The preparation of the financial statements has been further able to consider the conformity of the IFRS requirements which has been able to make the necessary judgements for the estimates and assumptions with the accounting policies amounting to assets, liabilities, income and expenses. The board of Charter Hall Group has been discerned with the main approach to enhancing characteristics of financial reporting with the Board and executive remuneration is seen to be in balance with fair and equitable rewards which motivates experienced and successful executive team to deliver ongoing business growth which meets the expectation of the shareholders in the long-term. The comparability of the information has been discerned with histogr am and bar graph. It has been further discerned that the company has compared all the relevant financial data with the prior year which is discerned as the main qualitative characteristics. References Brown, P., Preiato, J. and Tarca, A., 2014. Measuring country differences in enforcement of accounting standards: An audit and enforcement proxy.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,41(1-2), pp.1-52. Camfferman, K. and Zeff, S.A., 2015.Aiming for global accounting standards: the International Accounting Standards Board, 2001-2011. Oxford University Press, USA. Crawford, L., Helliar, C., Monk, E. and Veneziani, M., 2014, March. International Accounting Education Standards Board: Organisational legitimacy within the field of professional accountancy education. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 67-89). Elsevier. Howieson, B., Hancock, P., Segal, N., Kavanagh, M., Tempone, I. and Kent, J., 2014. Who should teach what? Australian perceptions of the roles of universities and practice in the education of professional accountants.Journal of Accounting Education,32(3), pp.259-275. Navarro?Garca, J.C. and Madrid?Guijarro, A., 2014. The influence of improvements in accounting standards on earnings management: The case of IFRS.Australian Accounting Review,24(2), pp.154-170. Ordelheide, D., 2016.Transnational accounting. Springer. Rahman, A.R., 2013.The Australian Accounting Standards Review Board (RLE Accounting): The Establishment of Its Participative Review Process. Routledge.